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Showing newest 42 of 44 posts from 06_09. Show older posts
Showing newest 42 of 44 posts from 06_09. Show older posts

Device Modeling for Analog and RF CMOS Circuit Design

A driving force behind this fantastic progress is the long-term commitment to a steady downscaling of MOSFET/CMOS technology needed to meet the requirements on speed, complexity, circuit density, and power consumption posed by the many advanced applications relying on this technology. The degree of scaling is measured in terms of the half-pitch size of the first-level interconnect in DRAM technology, also termed the “technology node” by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. At the time of the 2001 ITRS update, the technology node had reached 130 nm, while the smallest features, the MOSFET gate lengths, were a mere 65 nm. Within a decade, these numbers are expected to be close to 40 nm and 15 nm, respectively.

Very important issues in this development are the increasing levels of complexity of the fabrication process and the many subtle mechanisms that govern the properties of deep submicrometer FETs. These mechanisms, dictated by device physics, have to be described and implemented into circuit design tools to empower the circuit designers with the ability to fully utilize the potential of existing and future technologies.

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An Analog Electronics Companion -The Basic Circuit Design for Engineers and Scientists

Intended for electronicists and for engineers and scientists who have to get involved in circuit design. From mature designers who may have forgotten techniques or who trained before the days of circuit simulation, to neophytes seeking to widen their horizon. A series of largely self-contained essays that may be dipped into at any point. Encourages analysis of circuits supported by simulation to confirm and extend understanding. Includes a CD containing the student version of the powerful and fully functional simulation package PSpice, limited only in the size of circuit it will accept. Includes ready to run schematics for all the applications discussed.

The first three parts of the book cover the maths and physics needed to understand circuit function, analysis and design. Part 4 examines some basic circuit components with reference to their physical and simulation properties. The final and largest part examines the design and function of a wide range of analog systems, using simulation to demonstrate the relationship between analysis and performance. Many references to the literature and to the web are provided throughout to allow ready access to further information.

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Analog Integrated Circuit Design Solution Manual by David Johns

Offers a modern look at analog integrated circuit design. Covering everything from processing steps to models to high level circuit design issues, the authors make it a point to emphasize the "real-life" implications of this material for the circuit designer as a professional. This text presents a concise treatment of the wide array of knowledge required for integrated circuit design. Emphasis on the most important and fundamental principles in creating state-of-the-art analog circuits. Coverage includes contemporary topics such as dynamically matched current mirrors, digital error correction and interpolation, and folding D/D converters.

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CMOS Analog Circuit Design by Phillip E. Allen


Presents a complete picture of design (including modeling, simulation, and testing) and enables readers to undertake the design of an analog circuit that can be implemented by CMOS technology.

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Art, Science, and Personalities of Analog Circuit Design

Let’s face it: analog electronics isn’t very sexy these days. The announcement of a new microprocessor or high-capacity DRAM is what makes headlines in the industry and business press; no one seems to care about new precision op amps or voltage-to-frequency converters. Sometimes it seems if digital electronics is the only place in electronics where anything’s going on. Not so, says Jim Williams, as he tells why analog electronics is more than still important-it’s unavoidable.

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Analog and Digital Filter Design by Steve Winder, Second Edition

In Analog and Digital Filter Design, second edition, author Steve Winder has completely revised and updated material to include information on both digital and analog filter design. A substantial update of the introductory chapters better enables the reader to follow the design process.
Unlike most books on filters, Analog and Digital Filter Design does not start from a position of mathematical complexity. It is written to show readers how to design effective and working electronic filters. The background information and equations from the first edition have been moved into an appendix to allow easier flow of the text while still providing the information for those who are interested. The addition of questions at the end of each chapter as well as electronic simulation tools has allowed for a more practical, user-friendly text.
Softcover, 450 pages
Contents
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Time and Frequency Response
• 3. Poles and Zeroes
• 4. Analog Lowpass Filters
• 5. Highpass Filters
• 6. Bandpass Filters
• 7. Bandstop Filters
• 8. Impedance Matching Networks
• 9. Phase-Shift Networs (All-Pass Filters)
• 10. Selecting Components for Analog Filters
• 11. Filter Design Software
• 12. Transmission Lines and Printed Circuit Boards as Filters
• 13. Filters for Phase-Locked Loops
• 14. Filter Integrated Circuits
• 15. Introduction to Digital Filters
• 16. Digital FIR Filter Design
• 17. IIR Filter Design
• A. Design Equations

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Book on Introduction to MS-Excel

Microsoft Excel is a member of the spreadsheet family of software. Spreadsheet software is used to store information in columns and rows which can then be organized and/or processed. Spreadsheets are designed to work well with numbers but often include text. Sometimes text in a spreadsheet is called a label, because it is labeling columns and rows of numbers. Numbers are called values sometimes, and can include numbers for counts or measurements, dates, times, and calculations from numbers. Spreadsheets can help organize information, like alphabetizing a list of names or other text or reordering records according to a numeric field. However, spreadsheets are more often used for calculating, such as totaling a column of numbers or generating a more sophisticated formula to calculate some statistical measure on a list of numbers.

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MS - EXCEL for Chartered Accountants

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is designed to record and analyze numbers and data. Excel is very widely used for accounting and financial purposes.

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Electronic+Power+Control = Power Electronics

Power electronics integrates the use of three areas of specialization in engineering, namely, Electronics, Power, and Control. It deals with the use of electronic for the conversion and control of electronic for electronic power in various industrial, commercial, residential and aerospace applications. The evolution in power electronic is the synthesis of multiple technological disciplines. Today, a specialist in this area is supposed to have expertise in power semi-conductor devices, converter circuits, electrical machines, analog/ digital electronic, control theory, computer-aided design, microcomputers, and the newly emerging VISI electronic.

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Power Electronic Device Switching Techniques - Hard switching and Soft Switching

In the 1970’s, conventional PWM power converters were operated in a switched mode operation. Power switches have to cut off the load current within the turn-on and turn-off times under the hard switching conditions. Hard switching refers to the stressful switching behavior of the power electronic devices. The switching trajectory of a hard-switched power device is shown in Fig.1. During the turn-on and turn-off processes, the power device has to withstand high voltage and current simultaneously, resulting in high switching losses and stress. Dissipative passive snubbers are usually added to the power circuits so that the dv/dt and di/dt of the power devices could be reduced, and the switching loss and stress be diverted to the passive snubber circuits. However, the switching loss is proportional to the switching frequency, thus limiting the maximum switching frequency of the power converters.

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A PC Based Power Line Monitoring System For Non-Linear Loads

Switch mode power electronic converters draw non-sinusoidal currents from the utility ac supply and can cause distortions in the voltage available from single phase and three phase mains. Since such converters are widely used in industry, power quality is of increasing concern. This paper presents a PC based system for monitoring power lines feeding non-linear loads. The proposed scheme can determine and display typical parameters of interest in real-time, including total harmonic distortion, power factor and the voltage and current waveforms. The implemented system is tested on an ac to dc converter supplying an inductive load at various firing angles to validate its performance.

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Interfacing a Stepper Motor to the Micro Controller

Stepper motors are widely used in printers, automated machine tools, disk drives, automotive dashboard instrument clusters, and other applications requiring precise motions using computer control.

Special logic and high-current drive circuits are required to drive stepper motors. These can be designed using discrete logic or special interface ICs, which may result in either increased design complexity or increased end product cost, or both.

To simplify the design effort and reduce the cost of end products that use stepper motors, Fujitsu offers low-cost 8-, 16-, and 32-bit microcontrollers with integrated stepper motor drive circuits.




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Stepper Motor Basics

A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.

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Stepper Motor Drives - Design article

A stepper motor is an electric machine that rotates in discrete angular increments or steps. It is operated by applying pulses of a specific frequency to the input of the motor. Each pulse applied to the motor causes its shaft to move a certain angle of rotation, called a stepping angle.

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Interfacing with C++ - Programming Real-World Applications


C++ is considered by many to be among the most widely used and powerful object-oriented programming language in industry today. This book is for people who are interested in learning and exploring C++ programming in a fresh and enjoyable environment where programs are developed to interface with real world devices. Other people may leave learning C++ for a later time, instead choosing to interact with various hardware devices by simply running the fully developed programs supplied with this book.
Many readers may already have acquired some knowledge of C++ programming but know little about how to interface a computer to physical devices and want to know more. You might be an engineer, scientist, programmer, technical personnel, hobbyist, student in a technically related field or someone who is simply interested in programming and interfacing a computer to perform real activities.

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PLL free ebooks and literature


4046 PLL MC14046, pdf file



AM-FM RADIO FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER TDA7326, pdf file



AM/FM TUNER FOR CAR RADIO AND HIFI APPLICATIONS pdf file



CD4046B Phase-Locked Loop pdf file



Clock regenerator with crystal-controlled Phase-Locked Loop VCO (NE564) clock regenerator with crystal-controlled Phase-Locked Loop VCO (NE564), pdf file



Digital PLL Synthesis block diagram of a typical digitally tuned receiver, pdf file



FM and FSK demodulation using the NE564 Phase-Locked Loop FM and FSK demodulation using the NE564 Phase-Locked Loop, pdf file



Fractional-N synthesizers examine the waveforms produced by charge pumps when operating in the fractional N mode, pdf file



Frequency synthesis with the NE564 frequency synthesis with the NE564, pdf file



Frequency synthesizers Frequency synthesizers, a frequency synthesizer is a unit that stabilizes the frequency of a free-running oscillator against a stable reference, typically a crystal oscillator, pdf file



Integrated Synthesizer and VCO a fully integrated integer-N synthesizer and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), pdf file



LM565 - Phase Locked Loop The LM565 and LM565C are general purpose phase locked loops containing a stable, highly linear voltage controlled oscillator for low distortion FM demodulation, and a double balanced phase detector with good carrier suppression, ..., pdf file



LM567C Tone Decoder pdf file



MC14046 The MC14046B phase locked loop contains two phase comparators, a voltage–controlled oscillator (VCO), source follower, and zener diode, pdf file



Modeling the PLL modeling the PLL, pdf file



NE564 circuit description of the NE564, pdf file



NE567, SE567 circuit description of the NE567, pdf file



NE567 circuit description of the NE567, pdf file



NE/SE567 tone decoder phase-locked loop NE/SE567 tone decoder phase-locked loop, pdf file



NE/SE567 tone decoder phase-locked loop NE/SE567 tone decoder phase-locked loop, pdf file



Phase-Locked Loop Design Fundamentals pdf file



Phase locked loop fundamentals Phase-Locked Loop Design Fundamentals. The purpose of this application note is to provide the electronic system designer with the necessary tools to design and evaluate Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) configured with integrated circuits, pdf file



Phase locked loop fundamentals pdf files



Phase Locked Loop (PLL) overview of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), pdf file



Phase Lock Loop General Operations phase detector, low pass filter network, control voltage, voltage controlled oscillator, phase lock loop, pdf file



PLL pdf file



PLL pdf file



PLL pdf file



PLL Introduction to the PLL- FM Demodulator and frequency synthesizer applications, pdf file



PLL a phase-locked loop is a feedback system combining a voltagecontrolled oscillator and a phase comparator so connected that the oscillator frequency (or phase) accurately tracks that of an applied frequency- or phase-modulated signal. pdf file



PLl architecture pdf file



PLL design pdf file



PLL design for high frequency receivers pdf file



PLL design for high frequency receivers 2 pdf file



PLL fundamentals pdf file



PLL frequency synthesis PLL synthesizer, pdf file



PLL frequency synthesizer PLL synthesizer, pdf file



PLL frequency synthesizer PLL synthesizer, pdf file



PLL tone decoder IC The BA1604 and BA1604F are tone decoder ICs that enable the frequency to be selected in precise detail, using a PLL system. These ICs are configured of a PLL circuit, a detection circuit, a voltage comparator circuit and an output logic drive circuit, pdf file



RF circuit PLL synthesizer pdf file



Sound detector tone decoder pdf file




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What is Electrical Engineering?


The professional activities of electrical engineers directly affect the everyday lives of most of the world's population. They are responsible for the design and development of radio and television transmitters and receivers, telephone networks and switching systems, computer systems, and electric power generation and distribution. Within the broad scope of these systems, the electrical engineer is concerned with a challenging and diverse array of design and development problems.

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Distortion Analysis of Analog Integrated Ciruits


The analysis and prediction of nonlinear behavior in electronic circuits has long been a topic of concern for analog circuit designers. The recent explosion of interest in portable electronics such as cellular phones, cordless telephones and other applications has served to reinforce the importance of these issues. The need now often arises to predict and optimize the distortion performance of diverse electronic circuit configurations operating in gigahertz frequency range, where nonlinear reactive effects often dominates. However, there have historically been few sources available from which design engineers could obtain information on analysis techniques suitable for tracking these important problems.

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EMC Standards for product designers


EMC stands for electromagnetic compatability. This book reviews each product design throughout the development and prototyping stages for adherence to EMC principles, and advising on design changes where necessary, drawing up and implementing an EMC test and control plan for each products, supervising pre-compliance and compliance test both in house and in liason with external test houses; maintaining an intimate knowledge of the EMC standards and legislation that apply to company's product and liasing with marketing, sales, production, test, installation and servicing departments to ensure that their strategies are consistent with EMC requirements. This book is intended to help the work of company's EMC centre. This can use as reference or guide for EMC engineers, background for technicians who are new to this subject. This book has two parts.
1) discusses the European legislative framework now erected to encompass EMC and the test techniques that area used to demonstrate compliance with that framework.
2) discusses the techniques for achieving an acceptable EMC performance at minimum extra cost, at the design rate.

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DC Power Supply Handbook


Regulated power supplies employ engineering techniques drawn from the latest advances in many disciplines such as: low-level, high-power, and wideband amplification techniques; operational amplifier and feedback principles; pulse circuit techniques; and the constantly expanding frontiers of solid state component
development.


The full benefits of the engineering that has gone into the modern regulated power supply cannot be realized unless the user first recognizes the inherent versatility and high performance capabilities, and second, understands how to apply these features. This handbook is designed to aid that understanding by providing complete information on the operation, performance, and connection of regulated power supplies.

The handbook is divided into six main sections: Definitions, Principles of Operation, AC and Load Connections, Remote Programming, Output Voltage and Current Ratings, and Performance Measurements. Each section contains answers to many of the questions commonly asked by users, like:

1. What is meant by auto-parallel operation?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of switching regulated supplies?
3. When should remote sensing at the load be used?
4. How can ground loops in multiple loads be avoided?
5. What factors affect programming speed?
6. What are the techniques for measuring power supply performance?

In summary, this is a book written not for the theorist, but for the user attempting to solve both traditional and unusual application problems with regulated power supplies.


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Understanding Circuits - Learning Problem Solving Using Circuit Analysis


This book/lecture is intended for a college freshman level class in problem solving, where the particular problems deal with electrical and electronic circuits. It can also be used in a junior/senior level class in high school to teach circuit analysis. The basic problem-solving paradigm used in this book is that of resolution of a problem into its component parts. The reader learns how to take circuits of varying levels of complexity using this paradigm. The problem-solving exercises also familiarize the reader with a number of different circuit components including resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers and their use in practical circuits. The reader should come away with both an understanding of how to approach complex problems and a “feel” for electrical and electronic circuits.

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Introduction to Linear Circuit Analysis and Modelling From DC to RF, by Luis Moura

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Linear and Nonlinear Circuits, by Leon O. Chua

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Circuit Analysis Demystified, by David McMahon

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Handbook of Electrochemistry


Electrochemistry now plays an important role in a vast number of fundamental research and applied areas. These include, but are not limited to, the exploration of new inorganic and organic compounds, biochemical and biological systems, corrosion, energy applications involving fuel cells and solar cells, and nanoscale investigations. There are many excellent textbooks and monographs, which explain the fundamentals and theory of electrochemistry. This handbook is not a textbook, however, but rather a source of electrochemical information, details of experimental considerations, representative calculations, and illustrations of the possibilities available in electrochemical experimentation.



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More eBooks:



Electro deposition The Materials Science of Coatings and Substrates, By Jack W. Dini

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Microelectronic Packaging, By M. Datta

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Principles of Electrochemistry, By Jiri Koryta

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Analytical Electrochemistry, By Joseph Wang

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Handbook of Solid State Electrochemistry, By P.J. Gellings

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Environmental Electrochemistry, By Krishnan Rajeshwar

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Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) eBooks

Many people in the field of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) share the belief that a revolution is under way as MEMS begin to permeate more and more industrial procedures, not only engineering but society as a whole will be strongly affected. MEMS provide new design technology that could rival, and perhaps even surpass, the societal impact of integrated circuits (ICs). Is this fact of friction? If it is fact, then several questions must be asked.



1. What precisely is the nature of this “revolution”?

2. What should be done to exploit MEMS in the most advantageous way?

3. Are lessons learned from the development of other fields applicable to the future of MEMS?

4. What are the risks of other strategies?

5. What steps can be taken to provide an environment in the world that promotes healthy and vigorous growth for MEMS?

MEMS is a new and revolutionary field because it takes a technology that has been optimized to accomplish one set of objectives and adapts it for a new, completely different task.



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More eBooks

The MEMS Handbook, By Mohamed Gad-el-Hak.
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Bio MEMS Technologies and Applications, By Wanjun Wang.
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Micromechanical Photonics, By H. Ukita.
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Mechanics of Microelectromechanical Systems, By Nicolae Lobontiu.
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An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, By Nadim Maluf.
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Microsensors, MEMS and Smart Devices, By Julian W. Gardner.
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RF MEMS Theory, Design, and Technology, By Gabriel M. Rebeiz.
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RF MEMS Circuit Design for Wireless Communications, By Hector J.
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RF Mems & Their Applications, By K. A. Jose.
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MEMS Mechanical Sensors, By Steve P. Beeby.
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Micro Controller Based Temperature Monitoring and Control

Temperature measurement and control are vital in many industrial processes. Accurate control of the temperature is essential in nearly all chemical processes. In some applications, an accuracy of around 5-10 Deg C may be acceptable. There are also some industrial applications which require better than +/-1 Deg C ~ accuracy.


Temperature sensors come in many different forms and a number of techniques have evolved for the measurement of temperature. There are new forms of sensors which require no contact with the medium whose temperature is to be sensed. The majority of sensors still require to touch the solid, liquid, or the gas whose temperature is to be measured. Four technologies are currently in use: thermocouples (TCs), thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and IC sensors.


This book is an engineer's guide to planning, designing, and implementing temperature based control systems using a microcontroller. It will also prove invaluable for students and experimenters seeking real-world project work involving the use of a microcontroller. Engineers involved in the use of microcontrollers in measurement and control systems will find it an invaluable practical guide, providing design principles and application case studies backed up with sufficient control theory and electronics to develop their own systems. A basic mathematical and engineering background is assumed, but the use of microcontrollers is introduced from first principles. Exercises are provided at the end of most chapters to enable the reader to practice their knowledge.


This book is essentially in two parts: temperature measurement and temperature control. The early chapters are about the temperature sensors and their use to measure temperature. The basic theory behind the various temperature sensors and practical working microcontroller based temperature measuring and monitoring systems are described in detail. An introduction to the computer based temperature control systems and the Z-transformation is also covered and various digital control techniques are discussed with reference to the digital sampling theory.


Pre-requisites for the book are knowledge of mathematics, a programming language, and some classical control theory, which is usually possessed by most engineers during their undergraduate studies.



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Digital Design by Moris Mano

Digital Design is concerned with the design of digital electronic circuits. The subject is also known by other names such as logic design, digital logic, switching circuits and digital systems. Digital circuits re employed in design of systems such as computers, controllers, data communication and many other applications and that required electronic digital hardware. This book presents the basic tools for the design of digital circuits and provides methods and procedures suitable for a variety of digital design applications.



Many features of the second edition remain the same as those of the first edition. The material is still organized in the same manner. The first five chapters cover combinational circuits. The next three chapters deal with synchronous clocked sequential circuits. Asynchronous sequential circuits are introduced next. The last three chapters deal with various aspects of commercially available integrated circuits.



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Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, Schaum's Outline Series

The goal of this book is the illustration of general analog principle and design methodologies using practical devices and applications. The book is intended as a textbook for under graduates and graduates courses in design and applications with analog integrated circuits (analog IC’s), as well as reference book for practicing engineers. The reader is expected to have had an introductory course in electronics, to be conversant in frequency-domain analysis technique, and to process basic skills in the use of PSpice. Though the book contains for two semester course, it can also serve as basic for one semester course after suitable selection of topics. The selection process is facilitated by the fact that the book as well as its individual chapters have generally been designed to proceed from the elementary to complex.

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ΣΔ (Sigma Delta) A/D CONVERSION FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING

Moore’s Law predicts a decrease by a factor of two in the feature size of CMOS technology every three years and has been valid for years. It implies a doubling of the operation speed and a four times higher transistor count per unit of area, every three years. The combination leads to an eight times higher processing capability per unit of area. This on-going miniaturization allows the integration of complex electronic systems with millions of transistors (Very-Large-Scale-Integration) and enables the integration of electronic systems.



The heart of the system is the signal processing core. This core supports a wide variety of functions, such as customization and programmability of multiple applications, channel coding, the definition of the user interface, etc. These functions are enabled by DSP, a controller CPU and various blocks of memory. In advanced ICs these blocks provide (almost) all signal processing and usually dominate in the overall power and area consumption of integrated systems. The huge data rates involved, require high-speed busses for communication between these blocks. A power-management unit fuels the system by providing the appropriate
supply voltages and currents.


Communication with the physical world is realized by a chain of mixed-signal, analog and RF-circuitry. This chain acts as a “signal-conditioning channel”. It translates physical signals into binary representations or vice versa. This channel also comprises amplification, filtering and possibly frequency translation. It is the challenge of present day mixed-signal and RF design to integrate the signal-conditioning channel at a low power consumption and a high performance level.




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Trade-Offs in Analog Circuit Design

With so many excellent texts about analog integrated circuit design now available, the need for yet another compilation of contributions may be questioned. Nevertheless, this book fills a notable void, in addressing a topic that, while a common aspect of a product designer’s life, is only occasionally addressed in engineering texts. It is about Trade- Offs: What they are; the circumstances in which they arise; why they are needed; how they are managed, and the many ingenious ways in which their conflicting demands can be resolved. We call it a Designer’s Companion, since it is more in the nature of a reference work, to dip into when and where some new perspectives on the topic are needed, rather than a text to be read in isolation and absorbed as a whole. However, it is an aspect of a trade-off that it is peculiar to each situation and there are no recipes for their instant resolution. That being true, their treatment here is frequently by example, suggestive rather than definitive. The personal insights, intuitions and inventiveness of the designer remain vital to the pursuit of a well-balanced solution, but which is even then only one of many, so its selection requires a relative-value judgment.


Understanding how to cope with trade-offs is an indispensable and inextricable part of all engineering. In electronics, and particularly in analog design, the dilemmas arise in the choice of basic cell topology, its biasing, the specific element values and in making performance compromises. For example, wireless communication systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated: they must operate at ever higher carrier frequencies, while using increasingly complex modulation modes, and posing extremely stringent performance demands. Meeting these requirements is only made more difficult as the dimensions of transistors and passive elements in modern IC processes continue to shrink, and as time-to-market and cost pressures mount. Similar trends are found throughout the field of electronics: in power management, fiber-optics, clock generation for CPUs, high-precision instrumentation for signal generation and metrology, and in analytical equipment of numerous kinds in science, industry, medicine and more recently in forensics and security.



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Analog Designer - Kick things off

Hello,

Here i would take an opportunity to kick off the  Analog Design and design automation for analog circuit designers. My hope is that this site will become a lively place to discuss a wide range of topics that are of interest to analog design engineers, as well as to those who provide or support tools to support Analog Design. :-)


Before moving over to analog design, I can think of lots of questions and topics to discuss.

Here is my list of suggested topics to kick things off:


1.
       What is the most difficult aspect of the analog design process?


2.
       Are analog engineers truly different from digital engineers?


3.
       What made you choose analog design?


4.
        If you have been doing analog for a while, do you think the tools have gotten better or stayed the same?


5.
        Do shrinking processes make analog design more difficult?


6.
        What part of your job do you wish you could hand off to someone else to do?


7.
        How do you interface to the digital engineers?


8.
       Do you work in digital as well; use programming or modeling languages: Verilog, Verilog-AMS, etc.?


I'm curious to see the response, and whether this is effective or not! 

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Advanced DC/DC Converters (Power Electronics and Applications)



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Book Description DC/DC conversion techniques have undergone rapid development in recent decades. With the pioneering work of these authors, DC/DC converters have now moved into their sixth generation. This book offers a concise, practical presentation of DC/DC converters, summarizing the spectrum of conversion tecnologies and presentingmany new ideas and more than 100 new topologies. Nowhere else in the literature are DC/DC converters so logically sorted and systematically introduced, and nowhere else can readers find detailed information on prototype topologies that represent a major contribution to modern power engineering. More than 320 figures, 60 tables, and 500 formulae facilitate understand and provide precise data.

Book InfoText offers a presentation of DC/DC converters; summarizing the spectrum of conversion technologies, presenting many new ideas, and containing more than 100 new topologies. For engineering students and practicing professionals. DLC: DC-to-DC converters.

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Electronic Circuit Design from Concepts to Implementation

Allows engineers to understand the total design process and develop prototypes which require little to no debugging before release. It providesstep-by-step instruction featuring modern components, such as analog and mixed signal blocks, in each chapter. The book details every aspect of the design process from conceptualization and specification to final implementation and release.

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Electronic Projects for Dummies

Is a great way to break into electronics or expand your electronics horizons. Here, we provide projects that allow you to dabble in using sound chips, motion detectors, light effects, and more. And all the projects are low voltage, so if you follow our safety advice, no electronics folks will be hurt in the process. is organized into several parts, starting off with some general information about safety and stocking your electronics workshop. Then we offer several parts with different types of projects, and finally conclude with the Part of Tens chapters with additional resources you might want to explore. This book also has a spiffy full-color photo spread of some of the circuits and finished products of several of the projects.

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Integrated Electronics Circuit Breaker IC

For hot-swap and power management applications. Today’s design engineers are faced with a variety of choices when selecting protection devices to meet their circuit or system’s design requirements Fuses, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors, and electromechanical circuit breakers represent only a sampling of the technologies available to meet their needs. Each of these devices provides a different degree of security, ranging from simple short circuit protection to devices which offer active current limiting and remotely resettable operation.


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Design and fabrication of modern digital integrated circuits

Overview of design and fabrication of modern digital integrated circuits. Fabrication of CMOS process; transistor-level design simulation, functional characteristics of basic digital integrated circuits, different logic families including static and dynamic logic, layout and extraction of digital circuits; automated design tools.

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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems

TOC

CHAPT 1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Scope
References
Currency

CHAPT 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL
General control
Discrete control
Analog control
Classes of analog controllers
Control loops
Types of controllers

CHAPT 3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
General system architecture
Local control
Centralized control
Distributed control
Types of distributed control systems
Programmable logic controllers
Redundant PLCs
Safety PLCs
Recommended configurations

CHAPT 4. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
General communications
Physical media
Media standards
Communication protocols
Network topologies
Network redundancy
Network speed

CHAPT 5. RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
Reliability criteria
Reliability calculations
Redundancy terminology
Availability calculations
Component reliability
Systems reliability
Power supply sources
Segregation

CHAPT 6. OPERATOR INTERFACES
General interfaces
Equipment level
Controller level HMI
Supervisory level HMI
Human factors

CHAPT 7. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental threats
Electronic threats
Physical security
Communication and information networks
Software management and documentation

CHAPT 8. COMMISSIONING/VALIDATION
General commissioning
Factory acceptance testing
Integrity testing
Calibration
Loop verification
Functional performance testing
Software integrity
Re-commissioning
Instrument certification sheet
Final control element certification sheet
Control loop checkout sheet

CHAPT 9. MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
General maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Concurrent maintenance
Reliability centered maintenance
Operation and maintenance documentation
Spare parts stocking
Technical support

CHAPT 10.DOCUMENTATION AND CHANGE CONTROL
General documentation
Symbols and identification
Process and instrumentation diagrams
Sequences of operation
Instrument data sheets
Points list
Loop diagrams
Binary logic diagrams
Control schematics
PLC program listing
Change control

CHAPT 11.PROJECT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
General planning
Project team selection
Project initiation
Requirements definition
Design
Construction
Commissioning


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Remote Sensing Applications

TOC

1. Introduction to remote sensing
Purpose of this manual
Content

2. Principles of Remote Sensing System
Introduction
Definition of Remote Sensing
Basic Components of Remote Sensing
Component 1: Electromagnetic Energy Is Emitted

From A Source
Component 2: Interaction of Electromagnetic

Energy with Particles in the Atmosphere
Component 3: Electromagnetic Energy Interacts

with Surface and Near Objects
Component 4: Energy is Detected and Recorded by

the Sensor Aerial Photography
Brief History of Remote Sensing

3. Sensor and Systems
Introduction
Corps 9 - Civil Works Business Practice Areas
Sensor Data Considerations
Value Added Products
Aerial Photography
Airborne Digital Sensors
Airborne Geometries
Planning Airborne Acquisitions
Bathymetric and Hydrographic Sensors
Laser Induced Fluorescence
Airborne Gamma
Satellite Platforms and Sensors
Satellite Orbits
Planning Satellite Acquisitions
Ground Penetratng Radar sensors

4. Data Acquisition and Archives
Introduction
specifications for Image Acquisition
Satellite Image Licensing
Image Archive Search and cost
Specifications for Airborne Acquisition
Airborne Image Licensing
St. Louis District Air Photo Contracting

5. Processing Digital Imagery
Introduction
Image Processing Software
Metadata
Viewing the Image
Band/Color Composite
Information About the Image
Datum
Image Projections
Latitude
Longitude
Latitude/Longitude Computer Entry
Transferring Latitude/Longitude to a Map
Map Projections
Rectification
Image to Map Rectification
Ground Control Points (GCPs)
Positional Error
Project Image and Save
Image to Image Rectification
Image Enhancement

6. Remote Sensing Applications



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Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)

TOC
CHAPT 1. INTRODUCTION TO FMECA
Purpose
Scope
References
Define FMECA
History
FMECA benefits
Team effort
FMECA characteristics
CHAPT 2. PRELIMINARY ITEMS REQUIRED
Requirements
Goals
CHAPT 3. FMEA METHODOLOGY STEPS
Methodology - foundation
Define the system to be analyzed (functional/hardware approach
Ground rules and assumptions
Block diagram
Failure mode identification
Failure effects analysis
Failure detection methods
Compensating provisions
Severity ranking
Results of the FMEA
CHAPT 4. FMECA METHODOLOGY
Methodology – moving into Criticality Analysis
Criticality Analysis
Transfer select data from FMEA sheet
Quantitative criticality analysis
Effects of redundancy – quantitative
Qualitative criticality analysis
Effects of redundancy – qualitative
CHAPT 5. CRITICALITY RANKING – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
Criticality ranking
Criticality matrix
CHAPT 6. RESULTS OF FMECA
Overview
Recommendations – from the criticality matrix example
CHAPT 7. CONCLUSIONS
Incentives
Results


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Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

TOC
2. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Ladder Logic
2.1.2 Programming
2.1.3 PLC Connections
2.1.4 Ladder Logic Inputs
2.1.5 Ladder Logic Outputs
2.2 A CASE STUDY
2.3 SUMMARY
2.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
2.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
3. PLC HARDWARE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
3.2.1 Inputs
3.2.2 Output Modules
3.3 RELAYS
3.4 A CASE STUDY
3.5 ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAMS
3.5.1 JIC Wiring Symbols
3.6 SUMMARY
3.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
3.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
3.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
4. LOGICAL SENSORS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 SENSOR WIRING
4.2.1 Switches
4.2.2 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
4.2.3 Sinking/Sourcing
4.2.4 Solid State Relays
4.3 PRESENCE DETECTION
4.3.1 Contact Switches
4.3.2 Reed Switches
4.3.3 Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors
4.3.4 Capacitive Sensors
4.3.5 Inductive Sensors
4.3.6 Ultrasonic
4.3.7 Hall Effect
4.3.8 Fluid Flow
4.4 SUMMARY
4.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
4.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
5. LOGICAL ACTUATORS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SOLENOIDS
5.3 VALVES
5.4 CYLINDERS
5.5 HYDRAULICS
5.6 PNEUMATICS
5.7 MOTORS
5.8 COMPUTERS
5.9 OTHERS
5.10 SUMMARY
5.11 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
5.12 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
5.13 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
6. BOOLEAN LOGIC DESIGN
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
6.3 LOGIC DESIGN
6.3.1 Boolean Algebra Techniques
6.4 COMMON LOGIC FORMS
6.4.1 Complex Gate Forms
6.4.2 Multiplexers
6.5 SIMPLE DESIGN CASES
6.5.1 Basic Logic Functions
6.5.2 Car Safety System
6.5.3 Motor Forward/Reverse
6.5.4 A Burglar Alarm
6.6 SUMMARY
6.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
6.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
7. KARNAUGHMAPS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SUMMARY
7.3 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
7.4 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
7.5 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
8. PLC OPERATION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OPERATION SEQUENCE
8.2.1 The Input and Output Scans
8.2.2 The Logic Scan
8.3 PLC STATUS
8.4 MEMORY TYPES
8.5 SOFTWARE BASED PLCS
8.6 SUMMARY
8.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
8.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
9. LATCHES, TIMERS, COUNTERS AND MORE
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 LATCHES
9.3 TIMERS
9.4 COUNTERS
9.5 MASTER CONTROL RELAYS (MCRs)
9.6 INTERNAL RELAYS
9.7 DESIGN CASES
9.7.1 Basic Counters And Timers
9.7.2 More Timers And Counters
9.7.3 Deadman Switch
9.7.4 Conveyor
9.7.5 Accept/Reject Sorting
9.7.6 Shear Press
9.8 SUMMARY
9.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
9.10 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
9.11 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
10. STRUCTURED LOGIC DESIGN
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 PROCESS SEQUENCE BITS
10.3 TIMING DIAGRAMS
10.4 DESIGN CASES
10.5 SUMMARY
10.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
10.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
11. FLOWCHART BASED DESIGN
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 BLOCK LOGIC
11.3 SEQUENCE BITS
11.4 SUMMARY
11.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
11.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
12. STATE BASED DESIGN
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.1.1 State Diagram Example
12.1.2 Conversion to Ladder Logic
Block Logic Conversion
State Equations
State-Transition Equations
12.2 SUMMARY
12.3 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
12.4 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
12.5 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
13. NUMBERS AND DATA
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 NUMERICAL VALUES
13.2.1 Binary
Boolean Operations
Binary Mathematics
13.2.2 Other Base Number Systems
13.2.3 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
13.3 DATA CHARACTERIZATION
13.3.1 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
13.3.2 Parity
13.3.3 Checksums
13.3.4 Gray Code
13.4 SUMMARY
13.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
13.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
13.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
14. PLCMEMORY
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 MEMORY ADDRESSES
14.3 PROGRAM FILES
14.4 DATA FILES
14.4.1 User Bit Memory
14.4.2 Timer Counter Memory
14.4.3 PLC Status Bits (for PLC-5s and Micrologix)
14.4.4 User Function Control Memory
14.4.5 Integer Memory
14.4.6 Floating Point Memory
14.5 SUMMARY
14.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
14.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
14.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
15. LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 DATA HANDLING
15.2.1 Move Functions
15.2.2 Mathematical Functions
15.2.3 Conversions
15.2.4 Array Data Functions
Statistics
Block Operations
15.3 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
15.3.1 Comparison of Values
15.3.2 Boolean Functions
15.4 DESIGN CASES
15.4.1 Simple Calculation
15.4.2 For-Next
15.4.3 Series Calculation
15.4.4 Flashing Lights
15.5 SUMMARY
15.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
15.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
15.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
16. ADVANCED LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 LIST FUNCTIONS
16.2.1 Shift Registers
16.2.2 Stacks
16.2.3 Sequencers
16.3 PROGRAM CONTROL
16.3.1 Branching and Looping
16.3.2 Fault Detection and Interrupts
16.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
16.4.1 Immediate I/O Instructions
16.4.2 Block Transfer Functions
16.5 DESIGN TECHNIQUES
16.5.1 State Diagrams
16.6 DESIGN CASES
16.6.1 If-Then
16.6.2 Traffic Light
16.7 SUMMARY
16.8 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
16.9 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
16.10 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
17. OPEN CONTROLLERS
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 IEC 61131
17.3 OPEN ARCHITECTURE CONTROLLERS
17.4 SUMMARY
17.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
17.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
18. INSTRUCTION LIST PROGRAMMING
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 THE IEC 61131 VERSION
18.3 THE ALLEN-BRADLEY VERSION
18.4 SUMMARY
18.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
18.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
18.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
19. STRUCTURED TEXT PROGRAMMING
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 THE LANGUAGE
19.3 SUMMARY
19.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
19.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
20. SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHARTS
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 A COMPARISON OF METHODS
20.3 SUMMARY
20.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
20.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
20.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
21. FUNCTION BLOCK PROGRAMMING
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 CREATING FUNCTION BLOCKS
21.3 DESIGN CASE
21.4 SUMMARY
21.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
21.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
21.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
22. ANALOG INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 ANALOG INPUTS
22.2.1 Analog Inputs With a PLC
22.3 ANALOG OUTPUTS
22.3.1 Analog Outputs With A PLC
22.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Outputs
22.3.3 Shielding
22.4 DESIGN CASES
22.4.1 Process Monitor
22.5 SUMMARY
22.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
22.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
23. CONTINUOUS SENSORS
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 INDUSTRIAL SENSORS
23.2.1 Angular Displacement
Potentiometers
23.2.2 Encoders
Tachometers
23.2.3 Linear Position
Potentiometers
Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)
Moire Fringes
Accelerometers
23.2.4 Forces and Moments
Strain Gages
Piezoelectric
23.2.5 Liquids and Gases
Pressure
Venturi Valves
Coriolis Flow Meter
Magnetic Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Vortex Flow Meter
Positive Displacement Meters
Pitot Tubes
23.2.6 Temperature
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Other Sensors
23.2.7 Light
Light Dependant Resistors (LDR)
23.2.8 Chemical
pH
Conductivity
23.2.9 Others
23.3 INPUT ISSUES
23.4 SENSOR GLOSSARY
23.5 SUMMARY
23.6 REFERENCES
23.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
23.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
23.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
24. CONTINUOUS ACTUATORS
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 ELECTRIC MOTORS
24.2.1 Basic Brushed DC Motors
24.2.2 AC Motors
24.2.3 Brushless DC Motors
24.2.4 Stepper Motors
24.2.5 Wound Field Motors
24.3 HYDRAULICS
24.4 OTHER SYSTEMS
24.5 SUMMARY
24.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
24.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
24.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
25. CONTINUOUS CONTROL
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.2 CONTROL OF LOGICAL ACTUATOR SYSTEMS
25.3 CONTROL OF CONTINUOUS ACTUATOR SYSTEMS
25.3.1 Block Diagrams
25.3.2 Feedback Control Systems
25.3.3 Proportional Controllers
25.3.4 PID Control Systems
25.4 DESIGN CASES
25.4.1 Oven Temperature Control
25.4.2 Water Tank Level Control
25.5 SUMMARY
25.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
25.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
25.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
26. FUZZY LOGIC
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 COMMERCIAL CONTROLLERS
26.3 REFERENCES
26.4 SUMMARY
26.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
26.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
26.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
27. SERIAL COMMUNICATION
27.1 INTRODUCTION
27.2 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
27.2.1 RS-232
ASCII Functions
27.3 PARALLEL COMMUNICATIONS
27.4 DESIGN CASES
27.4.1 PLC Interface To a Robot
27.5 SUMMARY
27.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
27.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
27.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
28. NETWORKING
28.1 INTRODUCTION
28.1.1 Topology
28.1.2 OSI Network Model
28.1.3 Networking Hardware
28.1.4 Control Network Issues
28.2 NETWORK STANDARDS
28.2.1 Devicenet
28.2.2 CANbus
28.2.3 Controlnet
28.2.4 Ethernet
28.2.5 Profibus
28.2.6 Sercos
28.3 PROPRIETARY NETWORKS
28.3.1 Data Highway
28.4 NETWORK COMPARISONS
28.5 DESIGN CASES
28.5.1 Devicenet
28.6 SUMMARY
28.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
28.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
28.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
29. INTERNET
29.1 INTRODUCTION
29.1.1 Computer Addresses
IPV6
29.1.2 Phone Lines
29.1.3 Mail Transfer Protocols
29.1.4 FTP - File Transfer Protocol
29.1.5 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
29.1.6 Novell
29.1.7 Security
Firewall
IP Masquerading
29.1.8 HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
29.1.9 URLs
29.1.10 Encryption
29.1.11 Compression
29.1.12 Clients and Servers
29.1.13 Java
29.1.14 Javascript
29.1.15 CGI
29.1.16 ActiveX
29.1.17 Graphics
29.2 DESIGN CASES
29.2.1 Remote Monitoring System
29.3 SUMMARY
29.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
29.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
29.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
30. HUMANMACHINE INTERFACES (HMI)
30.1 INTRODUCTION
30.2 HMI/MMI DESIGN
30.3 DESIGN CASES
30.4 SUMMARY
30.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
30.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
30.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
31. ELECTRICAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
31.1 INTRODUCTION
31.2 ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAMS
31.2.1 Selecting Voltages
31.2.2 Grounding
31.2.3 Wiring
31.2.4 Suppressors
31.2.5 PLC Enclosures
31.2.6 Wire and Cable Grouping
31.3 FAIL-SAFE DESIGN
31.4 SAFETY RULES SUMMARY
31.5 REFERENCES
31.6 SUMMARY
31.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
31.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
31.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
32. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
32.1 INTRODUCTION
32.1.1 Fail Safe Design
32.2 DEBUGGING
32.2.1 Troubleshooting
32.2.2 Forcing
32.3 PROCESS MODELLING
32.4 PROGRAMMING FOR LARGE SYSTEMS
32.4.1 Developing a Program Structure
32.4.2 Program Verification and Simulation
32.5 DOCUMENTATION
32.6 COMMISIONING
32.7 REFERENCES
32.8 SUMMARY
32.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
32.10 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
32.11 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
33. SELECTING A PLC
33.1 INTRODUCTION
33.2 SPECIAL I/O MODULES
33.3 SUMMARY
33.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
33.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
33.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
34. FUNCTION REFERENCE
34.1 FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
34.1.1 General Functions
34.1.2 Program Control
34.1.3 Timers and Counters
34.1.4 Compare
34.1.5 Calculation and Conversion
34.1.6 Logical
34.1.7 Move
34.1.8 File
34.1.9 List
34.1.10 Program Control
34.1.11 Advanced Input/Output
34.1.12 String
34.2 DATA TYPES


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Handbook of Mathemaics

MODUL 1 REVIEW OF INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICS

TERMINOLOGY
Summary
CALCULATOR OPERATIONS
FOUR BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Calculator Usage, Special Keys
The Decimal Numbering System
Adding Whole Numbers
Subtracting Whole Numbers
Multiplying Whole Numbers
Dividing Whole Numbers
Hierarchy of Mathematical Operations
Summary
AVERAGES
Average Value
Summary
FRACTIONS .
Proper and Improper Fractions
Equivalent Fractions
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Least Common Denominator Using Primes
Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Summary

MODUL 2 ALGEBRA

OBJECTIVES
ALGEBRAIC LAWS
Algebraic Laws
Summary
LINEAR EQUATIONS
Solutions to Algebraic Equations
Algebraic Equations
Types of Algebraic Equations
Linear Equations
Solving Fractional Equations
Ratio and Proportion
Summary
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Types of Quadratic Equations
Solving Quadratic Equations
Taking Square Root
Factoring Quadratic Equations
The Quadratic Formula
Summary
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Solving Simultaneous Equations
Summary

WORD PROBLEMS
Basic Approach to Solving Algebraic Word Problems
Steps for Solving Algebraic Word Problems
Word Problems Involving Money
Problems Involving Motion
Solving Word Problems Involving Quadratic Equations
Summary
LOGARITHMS
Calculator Usage, Special Keys
Introduction
Definition
Log Rules
Common and Natural Logarithms
Anti-Logarithms
Natural and Common Log Operations
Summary
GRAPHING
The Cartesian Coordinate System .
Cartesian Coordinate Graphs
Logarithmic Graphs
Graphing Equations
Nomographs
Summary
SLOPES
Slope
Summary
INTERPOLATION AND EXTRAPOLATION
Definitions
Interpolation and Extrapolation
Summary

MODUL 3 GEOMETRY
BASIC CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY
Terms
Lines
Important Facts
Angles
Summary
SHAPES AND FIGURES OF PLANE GEOMETRY
Triangles
Area and Perimeter of Triangles
Quadrilaterals
Circles
Summary
SOLID GEOMETRIC FIGURES
Rectangular Solids
Cube
Sphere
Right Circular Cone
Right Circular Cylinder
Summary

MODUL 4 TRIGONOMETRY

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
Pythagorean Theorem
Summary .
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Summary
RADIANS
Radian Measure
Summary

MODUL 5 HIGHER CONCEPTS OF MATHEMATICS

STATISTICS
Frequency Distribution
The Mean
Variability
Normal Distribution
Probability
Summary
IMAGINARY AND COMPLEX NUMBERS
Imaginary Numbers
Complex Numbers
Summary
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
The Matrix
Addition of Matrices
Multiplication of a Scaler and a Matrix
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Matrix
The Determinant
Using Matrices to Solve System of Linear Equation
Summary
CALCULUS
Dynamic Systems
Differentials and Derivatives
Graphical Understanding of Derivatives
Application of Derivatives to Physical Systems
Integral and Summations in Physical Systems
Graphical Understanding of Integral
Summary

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Engineering statistics

1. EDA Introduction
What is EDA?
EDA vs Classical & Bayesian
EDA vs Summary
EDA Goals
The Role of Graphics
An EDA/Graphics Example
General Problem Categories
2. EDA Assumptions
Underlying Assumptions .
Importance Techniques for Testing Assumptions
Interpretation of 4-Plot .
Consequences
3. EDA Techniques
Introduction
Analysis Questions
Graphical Techniques: Alphabetical
Graphical Techniques: By Problem
Category

Quantitative Techniques
Probability Distributions
4. EDA Case Studies
Introduction
By Problem Category
Detailed Chapter Table of Contents
References
Dataplot Commands for EDA Techniques

II.Measurement Process Characterization
1. Characterization
Issues
Check standards
2. Control Issues
Bias and long-term variability
Short-term variability
3. Calibration
Issues
Artifacts
Designs 3.
Catalog of designs
Artifact control
Instruments
Instrument control
4. Gauge R & R studies
Issues
Design
Data collection
Variability
Bias
Uncertainty
5. Uncertainty analysis
Issues
Approach .
Type A evaluations
Type B evaluations
Propagation of error
Error budget
Expanded uncertainties
Uncorrected bias
6. Case Studies
Gauge study
Check standard
Type A uncertainty
Type B uncertainty

III.Production Process Characterization
The goal of this chapter is to learn how to plan and conduct a Production Process
Characterization Study (PPC) on manufacturing processes. We will learn how to model
manufacturing processes and use these models to design a data collection scheme and to
guide data analysis activities. We will look in detail at how to analyze the data collected
in characterization studies and how to interpret and report the results. The accompanying
Case Studies provide detailed examples of several process characterization studies.
1. Introduction
Definition
Uses Terminology/Concepts
PPC Steps
2. Assumptions
General Assumptions
Specific PPC Models
3. Data Collection
Set Goals
Model the Process
Define Sampling Plan
4. Analysis
First Steps
Exploring Relationships
Model Building
Variance Components
Process Stability
Process Capability
Checking Assumptions
5. Case Studies
Furnace Case Study
Machine Case Study

IV.Process Modeling
The goal for this chapter is to present the background and specific analysis techniques
needed to construct a statistical model that describes a particular scientific or
engineering process. The types of models discussed in this chapter are limited to those
based on an explicit mathematical function. These types of models can be used for
prediction of process outputs, for calibration, or for process optimization.
1. Introduction
Definition
Terminology
Uses
Methods
2. Assumptions
Assumptions
3. Design
Definition
Importance
Design Principles
Optimal Designs
Assessment
4. Analysis
Modeling Steps
Model Selection
Model Fitting
Model Validation
Model Improvement
5. Interpretation & Use
Prediction
Calibration
Optimization
6. Case Studies
Load Cell Output
Alaska Pipeline
Ultrasonic Reference Block
Thermal Expansion of Copper

V.Process Improvement
1. Introduction
Definition of experimental design
Uses
Steps
2. Assumptions
Measurement system capable
Process stable
Simple model
Residuals well-behaved
3. Choosing an Experimental Design
Set objectives
Select process variables and levels
Select experimental design
Completely randomized designs
Randomized block designs
Full factorial designs
Fractional factorial designs
Plackett-Burman designs
Response surface designs
Adding center point runs
Improving fractional design resolution
Three-level full factorial designs
Three-level, mixed-level and fractional factorial designs
4. Analysis of DOE Data
DOE analysis steps
Plotting DOE data
Modeling DOE data
Testing and revising DOE models
Interpreting DOE results
Confirming DOE results
DOE examples
Full factorial example
Fractional factorial example
Response surface example
5. Advanced Topics
When classical designs don’t work
Computer-aided designs
D-Optimal designs
Repairing a design
Optimizing a process
Single response case
Multiple response case
Mixture designs
Mixture screening designs
Simplex-lattice designs
Simplex-centroid designs
Constrained mixture designs
Treating mixture and process
variables together
Nested variation
Taguchi designs
John’s 3/4 fractional factorial designs
Small composite designs
An EDA approach to experiment design
Case Studies
Eddy current probe sensitivity study
Sonoluminescent light intensity
study
References

VI.Process or Product Monitoring and Control
This chapter presents techniques for monitoring and controlling processes and signaling
when corrective actions are necessary.
1. Introduction
History
Process Control Techniques
Process Control
“Out of Control”
“In Control” but Unacceptable
Process Capability
2. Test Product for Acceptability
Acceptance Sampling
Kinds of Sampling Plans
Choosing a Single Sampling Plan
Double Sampling Plans
Multiple Sampling Plans
Sequential Sampling Plans
Skip Lot Sampling Plans
3. Univariate and Multivariate Control
Charts
Control Charts
Variables Control Charts
Attributes Control Charts
Multivariate Control charts
4. Time Series Models
Definitions, Applications and Techniques
Moving Average or Smoothing
Techniques
Exponential Smoothing
Univariate Time Series Models
Multivariate Time Series Models
5. Tutorials
What do we mean by “Normal” data?
What to do when data are non-normal
Elements of Matrix Algebra
Elements of Multivariate Analysis
Principal Components
6. Case Study
Lithography Process Data
Box-Jenkins Modeling Example

VII.Product and Process Comparisons
This chapter presents the background and specific analysis techniques needed to
compare the performance of one or more processes against known standards or one
another.
1. Introduction
Scope
Assumptions
Statistical Tests
Confidence Intervals
Equivalence of Tests and Intervals
Outliers
Trends
2. Comparisons: One Process
Comparing to a Distribution
Comparing to a Nominal Mean
Comparing to Nominal Variability
Fraction Defective
Defect Density
Location of Population
Values
3. Comparisons: Two Processes
Means: Normal Data
Variability: Normal Data
Fraction Defective
Failure Rates
Means: General Case
4. Comparisons: Three +
Processes
Comparing Populations
Comparing Variances
Comparing Means
Variance Components
Comparing Categorical
Datasets
Comparing Fraction
Defectives
Multiple Comparisons

VIII. Assessing Product Reliability
This chapter describes the terms, models and techniques used to evaluate and predict
product reliability.
1. Introduction
Why important?
Basic terms and models
Common difficulties
Modeling “physical acceleration”
Common acceleration models
Basic non-repairable lifetime distributions
Basic models for repairable systems
Evaluate reliability “bottom-up”
Modeling reliability growth
Bayesian methodology
2. Assumptions/Prerequisites
Choosing appropriate life distribution
Plotting reliability data
Testing assumptions .
Choosing a physical acceleration model
Models and assumptions for Bayesian methods
Reliability Data Collection
Planning reliability assessment tests
4. Reliability Data Analysis
Estimating parameters from censored data
Fitting an acceleration model
Projecting reliability at use conditions
Comparing reliability between two or more populations
Fitting system repair rate models
Estimating reliability using a Bayesian gamma prior
Assessing Product Reliability



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Engineering Optimization, Singiresu S. Rao

Providing engineers with a rigorous, systematic method for rapidly zeroing in on the most innovative, cost-effective solutions to some of today’s most challenging engineering design problems, optimization is a powerful tool of the trade for engineers in virtually every discipline. Now, in his latest book, Engineering Optimization, Singiresu S. Rao provides you with the most practical, up-to-date, and comprehensive coverage of new and classical optimization techniques currently in use throughout a wide range of industries. Designed to serve as both a daily working resource and an excellent graduate-level text, Engineering Optimization gives you In-depth coverage of linear and nonlinear programming, dynamic programming, integer programming, and stochastic programming techniquesNew or recently developed methods, including genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, neural network-based and fuzzy optimization techniquesDozens of real-world design optimization examples taken from a wide range of industriesNumerous solved problems and review questionsAn extensive bibliographyEngineering Optimization is a valuable working resource for engineers employed in practically all technological industries. It is also a superior didactic tool for graduate students of mechanical, civil, electrical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.


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Remote Sensing

File : pdf, 217 pages, 14.16 MB

TOC

1. Introduction to remote sensing
Purpose of this manual
Content

2. Principles of Remote Sensing System
Introduction
Definition of Remote Sensing
Basic Components of Remote Sensing
Component 1: Electromagnetic Energy Is Emitted

From A Source
Component 2: Interaction of Electromagnetic

Energy with Particles in the Atmosphere
Component 3: Electromagnetic Energy Interacts

with Surface and Near Objects
Component 4: Energy is Detected and Recorded by

the Sensor Aerial Photography
Brief History of Remote Sensing

3. Sensor and Systems
Introduction
Corps 9 - Civil Works Business Practice Areas
Sensor Data Considerations
Value Added Products
Aerial Photography
Airborne Digital Sensors
Airborne Geometries
Planning Airborne Acquisitions
Bathymetric and Hydrographic Sensors
Laser Induced Fluorescence
Airborne Gamma
Satellite Platforms and Sensors
Satellite Orbits
Planning Satellite Acquisitions
Ground Penetratng Radar sensors

4. Data Acquisition and Archives
Introduction
specifications for Image Acquisition
Satellite Image Licensing
Image Archive Search and cost
Specifications for Airborne Acquisition
Airborne Image Licensing
St. Louis District Air Photo Contracting

5. Processing Digital Imagery
Introduction
Image Processing Software
Metadata
Viewing the Image
Band/Color Composite
Information About the Image
Datum
Image Projections
Latitude
Longitude
Latitude/Longitude Computer Entry
Transferring Latitude/Longitude to a Map
Map Projections
Rectification
Image to Map Rectification
Ground Control Points (GCPs)
Positional Error
Project Image and Save
Image to Image Rectification
Image Enhancement

6. Remote Sensing Applications

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